Early Online Release

The generalized stability of the secondary atmospheric circulation over strong SST fronts is studied using a hydrostatic, Boussinesq two dimensional f-plane model. It is shown that even in a parameter regime in which these circulations are stable to small perturbations, significant non-normal growth of optimal initial perturbations occurs. The maximum growth factor in perturbation total energy is 250 and is dominated by the potential energy which obtains a growth factor of 219 2-5 hours after the beginning of the integration. This domination of potential energy growth is consistent with the observation that the available potential energy (APE) of the secondary circulation is larger by two orders of magnitude than the kinetic energy, as well as with the transfer of kinetic to potential perturbation energy at the beginning of the growth of the perturbations. The norm kernel is found to significantly influence the structure of the optimal initial perturbation as well as the energy obtained by the mature perturbations, but the physical mechanism of growth and the structure of the mature perturbations are robust.